Nail Designs For Short Nails Biography
(Source google.com)
In woodworking and construction,
a nail is a pin-shaped object of metal (or wood, called a treenail or
"trunnel") which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something,
or sometimes as a decoration. Generally nails have a sharp point on one end and
a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made
in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire
nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, and spikes.
Nails are typically driven into
the workpiece by a hammer, a pneumatic nail gun, or a small explosive charge or
primer. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and
shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or
clinched after driving to prevent pulling out. To make a wrought-iron nail,
iron ore was heated with carbon (to create wrought iron) and shaped into square
rods. To make a nail, a blacksmith would heat the rod in a forge and taper the
end of the bar while keeping the cross section square. Next, the smith would
cut off the taper, and insert it into a nail heading tool with a square hole.
The top of the taper would be hammered downward (upset) to create a head. Nails date back at least to
Ancient Egypt — bronze nails found in Egypt have been dated 3400 BC. The
Bible provides a number of references to nails, including the story in Judges
of the woman who drives a nail into the temple of a Canaanite commander while
he is asleep, the provision of iron for nails by King David for Solomon's Temple,and the
crucifixion of Christ.
The Romans made extensive use of
nails, evidenced for example by the seven tons of nails left behind by the
Roman army at the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire in the United Kingdom. The term “penny”, as it refers to
nails, probably originated in medieval England to describe the price of
100 nails. Nails themselves were sufficiently valuable and standardized to be
used as an informal medium of exchange. The letter “d”, which stands for penny,
is derived from the Latin name of the Roman coin, the denarius. Until around 1800, nails were
made by hand, and were provided by an artisan known as a nailer or nailor.
There were workmen called slitters who cut up iron bars to a suitable size for
nailers to work on. From the late 16th century, manual slitters disappeared
with the rise of the slitting mill, which cut bars of iron into rods with an
even cross-section, saving much manual effort.
At the time of the American
Revolution, England
was the largest manufacturer of nails in the world. Nails were expensive and
difficult to obtain in the American colonies, so that abandoned houses were
sometimes deliberately burned down to allow recovery of used nails from the
ashes. Families often had small nail manufacturing setups in their homes;
during bad weather and at night, the entire family might work at making nails
for their own use and for barter. Thomas Jefferson wrote in a letter, “In our
private pursuits it is a great advantage that every honest employment is deemed
honorable. I am myself a nail maker.” The growth of the trade in the American
colonies was theoretically held back by the prohibition of new slitting mills
in America
by the Iron Act, though there is no evidence that the Act was actually
enforced. The production of wrought iron
nails continued well into the 19th century, but ultimately was reduced to nails
for purposes for which the softer cut nails were unsuitable, including
horseshoe nails. From the very beginning, nails
were handmade; the nail-making process was slow; and nails were relatively few
and expensive. This naturally produced a desire to create machines to speed up
and automate the nail-making process. The slitting mill, introduced to England
in 1590, had simplified the production of nail rods, but the real first efforts
to mechanise the nail-making process itself occurred between 1790 and 1820,
initially in the United States and England, when various machines were invented
to automate and speed up the process of making nails from bars of wrought iron.
These nails were known as cut nails or square nails because of their roughly
rectangular cross section. Cut nails were one of the important factors in the
increase in balloon framing beginning in the 1830s and thus the decline of
timber framing with wooden joints. Though still used for historical
renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to
masonry walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails.
The cut-nail process was patented
in America by Jacob Perkins
in 1795 and in England by
Joseph Dyer, who set up machinery in Birmingham,
cutting nails from sheets of iron, making sure that the fibres of the iron ran
down the nails. The Birmingham industry expanded
in the following decades, but reached its greatest extent in the 1860s, after
which it declined due to competition from wire nails, but the Birmingham industry survived until the
outbreak of World War I. Wire nails were also known as
"French nails" for their country of origin. Belgian wire nails were
beginning to compete in England
in 1863. Joseph Henry Nettlefold was making wire nails at Smethwick
by 1875. Over the following decades, the nail-making process was almost
completely automated. Eventually the industry had machines capable of quickly
producing huge numbers of inexpensive nails with little or no human
intervention.
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